Uranium Discoveries in Upper Mustang, Nepal: Implications and Regulatory Framework

 Uranium Discoveries in Upper Mustang, Nepal: Implications and Regulatory Framework

In recent years, the Upper Mustang region of Nepal has garnered international attention due to the discovery of significant uranium deposits. Preliminary studies suggest that these deposits are not only substantial in size but also of high grade, potentially positioning Nepal as a noteworthy player in the global uranium market. However, this development brings forth a myriad of challenges and considerations, particularly concerning national security, environmental impact, and adherence to international nuclear regulations.

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Discovery of Uranium Deposits in Upper Mustang

The Department of Mines and Geology of Nepal confirmed the presence of uranium mines in Upper Mustang, specifically located 2 kilometers north of Lo Manthang and approximately 10 kilometers south of the Nepal-China border. Geological surveys and radiation detection tests have substantiated the existence of these deposits. Minister for Industry Som Prasad Pandey emphasized the government's commitment to extracting uranium in compliance with international standards and conventions, ensuring that expert guidance informs all stages of the process. ​myRepublica+1myRepublica+1myRepublica+1myRepublica+1

Earlier surveys between 1992 and 1994 had identified potential uranium deposits in other regions of Nepal, including Makwanpur, Chitwan, and Baitadi. However, the Upper Mustang discovery stands out due to its promising size and quality. Preliminary assessments indicate that the deposit spans an area of 10 kilometers in length and 3 kilometers in width, with medium-grade uranium content. ​Record NepalHindustan Times+1Record Nepal+1

Security Concerns and Smuggling Incidents

The strategic location of Upper Mustang, bordering China, has heightened security concerns regarding the potential for unauthorized exploitation of these uranium resources. In a related incident, Nepalese authorities seized 2.8 kilograms of uranium in Kathmandu, which was reportedly smuggled from Gaya, India, by an Indian national. The uranium was intended for sale in Nepal's black market, with an estimated value of NPR 350 million per kilogram. The seizure led to the arrest of eight individuals, including political figures and local businessmen. ​Ratopati | No.1 Nepali News Portal

Additionally, in 2021, four individuals were arrested in Kathmandu for possessing 2.5 kilograms of radioactive material, believed to be uranium-238. According to police reports, one of the arrestees claimed that her father-in-law had brought the material from India two decades ago, where he had worked in a uranium mine. The family had retained the material, which was later discovered and intended for sale. ​The Tribune+2Kathmandu Post+2Reddit+2The Tribune+1Kathmandu Post+1

Regulatory Framework and National Policy

Nepal's approach to nuclear materials is governed by the National Nuclear Policy, 2064 (2007), which emphasizes the peaceful use of nuclear energy and materials. The policy outlines the safe and regulated use of radioactive materials, including their mobilization, transportation, and management. It also encourages the use of ionizing radiation in agriculture to enhance food crop diversity and supports research for setting national radiation standards in food materials. ​Leap

In 2020, the Radioactive Materials (Use and Regulation) Act was enacted to further regulate the use of radioactive materials. Clause 55 of the Act stipulates that all radioactive materials discovered within Nepal's territory become the property of the government. This legislation aims to ensure that any exploitation of uranium resources aligns with national interests and international obligations. ​Record Nepal

Economic and Environmental Considerations

The extraction and processing of uranium are capital-intensive endeavors that require advanced technology and substantial investment. Given Nepal's limited infrastructure and expertise in nuclear technology, the government may seek assistance from international agencies to develop these resources. The potential export of uranium concentrate, commonly known as "yellowcake," could generate significant revenue. However, this must be balanced against the environmental impact of mining activities and the long-term sustainability of such projects.​Hindustan Times

Conclusion

The discovery of uranium deposits in Upper Mustang presents both opportunities and challenges for Nepal. While the potential economic benefits are considerable, the government must navigate complex security, regulatory, and environmental issues to ensure that the development of these resources serves the national interest and adheres to international standards. Continued vigilance and adherence to established policies will be crucial in harnessing the benefits of this discovery while mitigating associated risks.